Der Neurologe: Clinical & Therapeutics Journal

Das Neurologist: Clinical & Therapeutics Journal ist eine offizielle, von Experten begutachtete Zeitschrift für die schnelle Veröffentlichung von Artikeln zu Themen, die für Ärzte, die Patienten mit neurologischen Erkrankungen behandeln, von aktuellem Interesse sind. Das Neurologist: Clinical & Therapeutics Journal mit dem höchsten Journal Impact Factor bietet Open Access-Option, um den Bedürfnissen der Autoren gerecht zu werden und die Sichtbarkeit der Artikel zu maximieren.

Das Neurologist: Clinical & Therapeutics Journal deckt ein breites Spektrum an Fachgebieten ab, beispielsweise wie Neurologen Störungen behandeln, die sich auf neuropsychiatrische Störungen, Hirnerkrankungen, neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, neurotische Störungen, Neurorehabilitation, Trauma, Bildgebung des Gehirns, Neurocomputation, kognitive Neurowissenschaften, Stimmungsstörungen und Kinder auswirken Verhalten, Geisteskrankheiten, Anfallsleiden, Rückenmarkserkrankungen usw., in ihrem Fachgebiet eine Plattform zu schaffen, auf der die Autoren ihren Beitrag zur Zeitschrift leisten können, und die Redaktion verspricht einen Peer-Review-Prozess für die eingereichten Manuskripte zur Qualität der Veröffentlichung.

Diese von Experten begutachtete medizinische Fachzeitschrift verwendet das Editorial Manager System für die Qualität des Begutachtungsprozesses. Editorial Manager System ist ein Online-System zur Einreichung, Überprüfung und Nachverfolgung von Manuskripten. Die Bearbeitung der Rezensionen erfolgt durch die Redaktionsmitglieder von The Neurologist: Clinical & Therapeutics Journal oder externe Experten; Für die Annahme eines zitierfähigen Manuskripts ist die Zustimmung von mindestens zwei unabhängigen Gutachtern und anschließend die Zustimmung des Herausgebers erforderlich. Autoren können Manuskripte einreichen und ihren Fortschritt über dieses System verfolgen, hoffentlich bis zur Veröffentlichung. Gutachter können Manuskripte herunterladen und ihre Meinung an den Herausgeber übermitteln. Redakteure können den gesamten Einreichungs-/Überprüfungs-/Überarbeitungs-/Veröffentlichungsprozess verwalten.

Das Neurologist: Clinical & Therapeutics Journal ist eine wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift, deren Ziel es ist, eine möglichst vollständige und zuverlässige Informationsquelle über Entdeckungen und aktuelle Entwicklungen in Form von Forschungsartikeln, Übersichtsartikeln, Fallberichten, Kurzmitteilungen usw. in allen Bereichen zu veröffentlichen auf dem Gebiet und stellen sie Forschern auf der ganzen Welt kostenlos online und ohne Einschränkungen oder andere Abonnements zur Verfügung.

Neurologe

A physician who practices in neurology is called a neurologist. The neurologist treats all categories of conditions and disease involving the central and peripheral nervous system (and its subdivisions, the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system); including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue, such as muscle. Neurologists may also be involved in clinical research, clinical trials and basic or translational research. While neurology is a non-surgical specialty, its corresponding surgical specialty is neurosurgery. During a neurological examination, the neurologist reviews the patient's health history with special attention to the current condition.

Neuroscience

Neuroscience (or neurobiology) is the scientific study of the nervous system. It is a multidisciplinary branch of biology that deals with the anatomy, biochemistry, molecular biology, and physiology of neurons and neural circuits. It also draws upon fields including mathematics, pharmacology, physics, engineering, and psychology. The earliest study of the nervous system dates to ancient Egypt. Trepanation, the surgical practice of either drilling or scraping a hole into the skull for the purpose of curing headaches or mental disorders, or relieving cranial pressure, was first recorded during the Neolithic period. Manuscripts dating to 1700 BC indicate that the Egyptians had some knowledge about symptoms of brain damage. The scientific study of the nervous system has increased significantly during the second half of the twentieth century, principally due to advances in molecular biology, electrophysiology, and computational neuroscience.

Neurosurgery

Neurosurgery is the surgical specialization that treats diseases and disorders of the brain and spinal cord. Back pain can sometimes produce neurological symptoms such as numbness, muscle weakness, and loss of bowel and bladder control due to dysfunction at the nerve root. These symptoms are indicators that neurosurgery is required to treat the underlying cause of back pain as opposed to conservative treatments. Procedures to treat back pain under the realm of neurosurgery include discectomy, laminectomy, and spinal fusion surgery. In neurosurgery, there is a higher risk of further nerve damage and infection which may result in paralysis.

Neurophysics

Neurophysics (or neural physics) is the branch of medical physics dealing with the nervous system including the brain and the spinal cord and the nerves. It covers a wide spectrum of phenomena from molecular and cellular mechanisms to techniques to measure and influence the brain and to theories of brain function. It can be viewed as an approach to neuroscience that is based on solid understanding of the fundamental laws of nature.it to represent an emerging science which investigates the fundamentally physical basis for the brain, hence the physical structure involved in the cognition process. This combination of neuroscience and quantum physics is a new science called neurophysics.

Neuroimaging

Neuroimaging or brain imaging is the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function/pharmacology of the nervous system. It is a relatively new discipline within medicine, neuroscience, and psychology. Neuroimaging utilizes a number of technologies to directly or indirectly produce images of the brain. Each technique is designed to convey distinct types of information, depending on the scientific or medical question at hand. There are different kinds of neuroimaging. Structural imaging offers a vision of the structure of the brain to enable diagnosis of larger-scale diseases, tumours, injuries, and stroke. Functional imaging is used to diagnose smaller tumours and diseases on a finer scale. Functional imaging also allows us to visualize the relationship between activity in certain brain areas and specific mental functions. Functional imaging is often used in neurological and cognitive science research. Given that most ethical dilemmas addressed in this module pertain to functional imaging, henceforth we will primarily concentrate on the applications and implications of technologies such as fMRI, CT, and PET scans.

Neuropathy

Neuropathy refers to general diseases or malfunctions of the nerves. Nerves at any part of the body can be damaged from injury or disease. Neuropathy is often distinguished according to the type or location of nerves that are affected or disease causing it. It is of three types: Peripheral neuropathy: When the nerve problem affects the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord. These nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system. Cranial neuropathy: It occurs when any of the twelve cranial nerves (nerves that exit from the brain directly) are damaged. Autonomic neuropathy: It is damage to the nerves of the involuntary nervous system. Focal neuropathy is restricted to one nerve or group of nerves, or one area of the body.

Neuroimmunology

Neuroimmunology is a field combining neuroscience, the study of the nervous system, and immunology, the study of the immune system. Neuroimmunologists seek to better understand the interactions of these two complex systems during development, homeostasis, and response to injuries. It is a branch of immunology that deals especially with the interrelationships of the nervous system and immune responses and autoimmune disorders (as multiple sclerosis).

Neuropsychology

The study of the relationship between behavior, emotion, and cognition on the one hand, and brain function on the other. The brain is complex. Disorders within the brain and nervous system can alter behavior and cognitive function. Neuropsychologists evaluate and treat people with various types of nervous system disorders. Illnesses, injuries, and diseases of the brain and nervous system can affect the way a person feels, thinks, and behaves. Symptoms that may call for a neuropsychologist include: memory difficulties, mood disturbances, learning difficulties, nervous system dysfunction.

Neuroradiology

The field within radiology that specializes in the use of radioactive substances, x-rays and scanning devices for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the nervous system. Neuroradiology involves the clinical imaging, therapy, and basic science of the central and peripheral nervous system, including but not limited to the brain, spine, head and neck, interventional procedures, techniques in imaging and intervention, and related educational, socioeconomic, and medicolegal issues.

Neurorehabilitation

It is a complex medical process which aims to aid recovery from a nervous system injury, and to minimize and/or compensate for any functional alterations resulting from it. This involved exercises to correct muscle dysfunction. Neurorehabilitation should be holistic, patient-focused, inclusive, participatory, sparing, lifelong, resolving and community focused. Commonly treated problems include: Stroke recovery, Cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, Brain injury, Anoxic brain injury, Traumatic brain injury, Multiple sclerosis, Post-polio syndrome, Guillain–Barré syndrome.

Neurodegeneration

Neurodegeneration refers to the progressive atrophy and loss of function of neurons, which is present in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Neurodegenerative disease is an umbrella term for a range of conditions which primarily affect the neurons in the human brain. Dementias are responsible for the greatest burden of neurodegenerative diseases. Parkinson's disease (PD) is recognized as the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's dis- ease and affects 1% of the population worldwide.

Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease is a neurological disorder in which the death of brain cells causes memory loss and cognitive decline. A neurodegenerative type of dementia, the disease starts mild and gets progressively worse destroying memory and other important mental functions. The total brain size shrinks with Alzheimer's - the tissue has progressively fewer nerve cells and connections. It is the most common cause of dementia in older adults; a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the gradual loss of cognitive ability in association with the neuropathological findings of abnormal protein aggregates (neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) and neuron loss in the cerebral cortex.

Parkinsonism

Parkinsonism complex of symptoms including resting tremor, bradykinesia/akinesia, rigidity, and postural instability that are due to striatal dopamine deficiency or reduced function; may be seen in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders including idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) which is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system, Lewy body dementia, corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, multisystems atrophy. Parkinson's disease can cause neuropsychiatric disturbances, which can range from mild to severe. This includes disorders of speech, cognition, mood, behaviour, and thought. Cognitive disturbances can occur in the early stages of the disease and sometimes prior to diagnosis, and increase in prevalence with duration of the disease.

Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder of various causes characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Epilepsy is a chronic disorder that causes unprovoked, recurrent seizures. A seizure is a sudden rush of electrical activity in the brain. There are two main types of seizures. Generalized seizures affect the whole brain. Focal, or partial seizures, affect just one part of the brain. A mild seizure may be difficult to recognize. It can last a few seconds during which you lack awareness. Stronger seizures can cause spasms and uncontrollable muscle twitches, and can last a few seconds to several minutes. During a stronger seizure, some people become confused or lose consciousness. Afterward they may have no memory of it happening.

Convulsion

A sudden, violent, irregular movement of the body, caused by involuntary contraction of muscles and associated especially with brain disorders such as epilepsy, the presence of certain toxins or other agents in the blood, or fever in children. Symptoms include: Drooling or frothing at the mouth, Eye movements, Grunting and snorting, Loss of bladder or bowel control, Sudden falling, Teeth clenching, Temporary halt in breathing, Uncontrollable muscle spasms with twitching and jerking limbs, Unusual behavior like sudden anger, sudden laughter, or picking at one's clothing. The person may have warning symptoms before the attack, which may consist of: Fear or anxiety, Nausea, Vertigo, Visual symptoms (such as flashing bright lights, spots, or wavy lines before the eyes).

Cognitive Impairment

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) causes a slight but noticeable and measurable decline in cognitive abilities, including memory and thinking skills. A person with MCI is at an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's or another dementia. MCI that primarily affects memory is known as "amnestic MCI." MCI that affects thinking skills other than memory is known as "nonamnestic MCI." Diagnosed by Thorough medical history, Assessment of independent function and daily activities, Assessment of mental status, Neurological examination, Evaluation of mood and laboratory tests.

Dementia

It is a general term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life. Memory loss is an example. Alzheimer's is the most common type of dementia. It is not a specific disease. It's an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person's ability to perform everyday activities. Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of cases. Vascular dementia, which occurs after a stroke, is the second most common dementia type.

Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis commonly known as MP results in nerve damage disrupts communication between the brain and the body. Multiple sclerosis causes many different symptoms, including vision loss, pain, fatigue and impaired coordination. The symptoms, severity and duration can vary from person to person. Some people may be symptom free for most of their lives, while others can have severe, chronic symptoms that never go away. Physiotherapy and medication that suppress the immune system can help with symptoms and slow disease progression. There are instances where a severe case of MS may bring about complications or side effects that can impact one's life span, however, most MS sufferers will not have a shortened life span.

Encephalopathy

Enzephalopathie ist ein allgemeiner Begriff, der eine Krankheit beschreibt, die die Funktion oder Struktur Ihres Gehirns beeinträchtigt. Es gibt viele Arten von Enzephalopathie und Gehirnerkrankungen. Einige sind dauerhaft und andere vorübergehend. Einige sind von Geburt an vorhanden und verändern sich nie, während andere nach der Geburt erworben werden und sich zunehmend verschlimmern können. Zu den Symptomen gehören: Psychische Veränderungen, neurologische Symptome wie Muskelschwäche in einem Bereich, schlechte Entscheidungsfindung oder Konzentration, unwillkürliches Zucken, Zittern, Schwierigkeiten beim Sprechen oder Schlucken und Krampfanfälle. Diagnose durch Bluttests, CT- oder MRT-Scan, EEG. Die Behandlung kann Medikamente oder eine Operation zur Behandlung Ihrer Symptome oder der zugrunde liegenden Ursache umfassen.

Akute Belastungsstörung

Das Erleben, Beobachten oder Konfrontieren mit einem oder mehreren traumatischen Ereignissen kann ASD verursachen. Die Ereignisse erzeugen starke Angst, Entsetzen oder Hilflosigkeit. Zu den traumatischen Ereignissen, die ASS verursachen können, gehören: Tod, drohende Todesgefahr für sich selbst oder andere, drohende schwere Verletzung für sich selbst oder andere, Bedrohung der körperlichen Unversehrtheit von sich selbst oder anderen. Ungefähr 6 bis 33 Prozent der Menschen, die ein traumatisches Ereignis erleben, entwickeln ASD. Zu den Symptomen gehören: Intrusionssymptome, negative Stimmung, dissoziative Symptome, Vermeidungssymptome, Erregungssymptome. Zu den Behandlungsoptionen gehören: eine psychiatrische Untersuchung, Krankenhausaufenthalt, Medikamente, expositionsbasierte Therapien, kognitive Verhaltenstherapie.

Zerebralparese

Es handelt sich um eine neurologische Störung, die durch eine nicht fortschreitende Hirnverletzung oder Fehlbildung verursacht wird, die während der Entwicklung des kindlichen Gehirns auftritt. Zerebralparese beeinträchtigt vor allem die Körperbewegung und die Muskelkoordination. Obwohl Zerebralparese definiert werden kann, definiert das Vorliegen einer Zerebralparese nicht die Person, die an dieser Krankheit leidet. Die Langzeitbehandlung umfasst physikalische und andere Therapien, Medikamente und manchmal auch eine Operation. Es gibt keinen Test, der eine Zerebralparese bestätigt oder ausschließt. In schweren Fällen kann die Diagnose beim Kind kurz nach der Geburt gestellt werden, in den meisten Fällen kann die Diagnose jedoch bereits in den ersten zwei Jahren gestellt werden. Bei Personen mit milderen Symptomen kann die Diagnose möglicherweise erst gestellt werden, wenn das Gehirn im Alter von drei bis fünf Jahren vollständig entwickelt ist.

Schlafstörungen

Veränderungen im Schlafverhalten oder in den Gewohnheiten, die sich negativ auf die Gesundheit auswirken können. Zu den Typen gehören: Restless-Legs-Syndrom – Eine Erkrankung, die durch einen nahezu unwiderstehlichen Drang gekennzeichnet ist, die Beine zu bewegen, typischerweise abends. Jetlag – Eine Schlafstörung, die diejenigen betreffen kann, die schnell über mehrere Zeitzonen reisen. Narkolepsie – Eine chronische Schlafstörung, die zu überwältigender Schläfrigkeit am Tag führt. Schlafwandeln – Das Aufstehen und Herumlaufen im Schlaf. Obstruktive Schlafapnoe – zeitweise Blockade der Luftzirkulation während des Schlafs. Schlaflosigkeit – anhaltende Probleme beim Ein- und Durchschlafen.